CP Chemistry Final Examination Concepts

Chap 8 Chemistry Concepts Covalent Bonding  

1.     Information hidden in a molecular formula

2.     Structural vs molecular formulas

3.     How do atoms achieve noble gas configuration in molecular compounds

4.     Diatomic molecules  (polarity, nature of the sharing,  ones with single, double or triple bonds))

5.     Using the noble gas configuration of a molecule, find the same configuration in a dif. element

6.     Smallest unit in a molecular compound

7.     Use EDD to identify single double or triple bonds between atoms in a molecule

8.     Coordinate cov. bonds

9.     Judge the reactivity of various cov bonds   Hint  = the more nonpolar is the least least reactive

10. Expanded octets in P and S and Cl  (exceptions)

11. Resonance structures

12. VSEPR theory  Know the reason for the shapes and the names of the shapes given the molecular formula

13.   VSEPR shapes include  linear, bent, pyramidal, and tetrahedral

14. predict eh aprox bond angle given the VSEPR shape  ex h20 angle = 109  deg vs COH(2)   = 120 deg   vs 180 deg in CO(2)

15. Predict polarity of a bond by location in the periodic table  ex rank HCL vs NH3)

16. Rank the strength of bonds by type

17. Cause of  dipole interactions

18. Relate melting point to  intermolecular bonding

19.  Bonding  in networking solids   and properties like melting point

Chapter 9 Concepts  Chemical Names and Formulas

1.  Know who loses and who gains electrons, anion  v cation,  and the types of compounds formed  in these combinations.   Also know whether anion or cation is listed first in the name.

2.  Know the names of all 40 polyatomic ions and charges.

3.  Know how to write the formula for a binary ionic compound given the name in stock or prefix system

4.  Know the latin roots for tin, iron and copper and the numeric prefixes 1-10

5.  Know how to write the formula for a binary molecular compound given the name in the  prefix system. 


6.  Be able to write the the name for either ionic or molecular compounds given the formula.

7.  Know how to name acids.  

8.  Know the difference between the laws of definite and multiple proportions including how multiple proportions are used

Chap 10 Chemical Quantities  Study Concepts

1.     Convert grams of a molecule (CO2) to moles of CO2.   Practice with other molecular formulas.

2.     Convert moles of a formula to grams of a formula (Calcium Carbonate)

3.     Convert Liters of a  gas at STP to moles of the gas .  Ex N2 gas

4.     Convert grams of a gas at STP to liters of a gas at STP ex Hydrogen H2 gas

5.     Convert Liters of a gas at STP to mass  of the gas at STP  Ex H2O gas

6.     Find the # atoms of an element Ex H, in a certain amount  of moles of a molecular  formula  (C6H6)

7.     Balance an equation

8.     Find the percent composition  of each element in a compound given the formula of the compound

9.     Find the percent composition of each element given the mass of each element in the compound but not the formula

10. Find the empirical formula from example 9 (You have figured out percent composition already)

11.   Find the molecular formula  from # 10 (empirical figured out already  given the molecular mass

12. Given the empirical formula find the molecular formula given the molecular mass.

Chap 11 Concepts  Chemical Reactions

1.  Balance   an equation using coefficients given formulas

2.  classify a type of reaction ( one of five)

3.  Write a balanced chemical equation given words for products and reactants

4.  Predict products  given formulas of reactants

5.  Predict if a reaction will occur using activity series

6.  Predict if precipitation occurs using the solubility rules

7.  Predict products including if a reaction occurs, balance and state reaction type and indicate the state (solid, aqueous or gas) of all chemicals involved

Chap 12 Concepts  Stoichiometry

1.  moles of X to moles of Y

2.  grams of X to moles of Y

3.  grams of X to grams of Y

4.  grams of X to atoms or molecules of 7

5.  grams of X  to liters of Y for gas at STP

6.  Kgs of X  to grams of Y

7.  Kgs of X to Kgs of y

NEW   NEW  NEW NEW

8.  percent yield.   Given  the actual yield, you calculate theoretical yield and calculate percent yield.

9.  Limiting reagent problem.  You are given two or more starting amounts of reagent.  Figure out  which is limiting and then calculate the amount of product.

Chapter 13 Concepts  States of Matter

1.  Kinetic Molecular Theory as a Model for gases

2.  Calcualte gas pressure using force and area in Pascals = N/meters squared

3.  Convert between atms and mm Hg  and torr and kPa of pressure  Conversion factor pg 397 text

4.  Know the relationship between kinetic energy and temperature of a gas.   KE = 1/2 mass X velocity squared.   This is a direct proprtion.  Temperature increase KE  of a gas    High temperature molecules move faster and have higher KE

5.  Know the cause of evaporation and vapor pressure in liquids. 

6.  Know ways to effect boiling point of a liquid including varying pressure, and solute concentration.    (Boiling Point Elevation)

7.  Know how to interpret a VP vs Temperature diagram.  Ex pg 405 of text

8.  Know changes of state including sublimation, melting, boiling, condensation, freezing

9.  Be able to interpret a phase diagram and answer questions to include triple point, critical point,  and state of matter at a given pressure and temperature

CP Physics Final Exam Review Chap 7-14 except 12

Chap 7 Circular Motion and Gravitation Review

1.  Calculate centripetal acceleration using tangential velocity and radius

2.  Know the direction of centripetal acceleration and how it affects situations like cars going around a curve or planets in motion.

3.  Calculate centripetal force given tangential velocity, radius and mass.

4.  Know direction of centripetal force

5.  Calculate centripetal acceleration given diameter, and period for an object in circular motion

6.  Know Newton's law of universal gravitation  and be able to calculate any of the variables  given the other variable.

7.  Know by what factor a gravitation force will vary when changing the mass and or distance between objects.  Ex  Grav force is eight  times greater when when one mass is doubled and distance is halved

8.  Know Kelper's law of motion  (3 total)

9.  Be able to calcualte period  and velocity of a satellite  pg 250 formulas

10.  Calculate torque  and know units.

11.  Know the six simple machines on pg 259    and how to calculate MA (Mechanical Advantage)   in terms of forces  and IMA (ideal Mechanical Advantage) in terms of distances.  Note the text calls both of these MA but you must know the difference. 

Chap 8 Fluids concepts

1.     Find the density in kg/meters cubed  of regular and irregular shaped objects using formulas for volume when given dimensions in centimeter or millimeters.   Ex 50 kg  spherical rock with 200 mm diameter.  Or 10 kg cube 50 cm on each side.  Irregular objects would require displacement in water  data to find volume.  Ex Vol 1 = .000423 m cubed and v2 =  .000560 m cubed  and its mass is 20 kg

2.    Find the weight of an object placed on a raft on water where the dimensions of the raft are known ( ex 3m X 1m X .5 m)   and the depth that you sink in water when loaded is known.  Ex  2.0 cm.

3.    Find a buoyant force of a sunken object given the weight in air and the apparent or net weight in the fluid.

4.  Find the density   of the object in #3 given the density of the fluid and the results from #3.

5.  Find the new velocity of a fluid in a pipe of known diameter after coming from another diameter where the velocity was known.   Ex  1” pipe at 4.0 m/s   to ½ inch diameter pipe.

6.  Find gauge pressure given total pressure and atmospheric pressure

7.  Find the force exerted on a hydraulic lift where the radius of both pistons is known as is the weight of the object to be lifted

8.  Explain the physics of sailing.  Specifically, explain how a sailboat goes forward best when wind blows from the side.  You must explain with diagrams and bernoulli’s principle and vector analysis and explain the relevant parts of the boat  like hull, sail, keel.

9.  Find the depth  in a particular fluid like alcohol or water where the pressure is a multiple of atmospheric.  Ex 20 X atmospheric

Chap 9 Heat and Temp. Concepts

1.     Definition of temperature  and association with kinetic energy increase on a molecular level.  Know mass plays no part in temperature.

2.     Understand that in thermal equilibrium there is no energy transfer and why.

3.     Know the boiling and melting points of water  and how during a phase change there is thermal equilibrium.

4.     Know the 3 widely used temperature scales and the units for energy.

5.     Know how to convert C. to F. and vice versa.  Memorize at least on form of the formula

6.     Know how to solve for  a temperature change in F  given two temperatures in C.  You cannot solve using the Temp difference in F!

7.     Solve for a delta T during an energy transfer process given Q, C  and mass.

8.     Know about temperature during a phase change and which formula is involved

9.     Interpret a heating diagram  (Q vs T) to  identify the phase changes and t calculate the latent heat of fusion or vaporization.

10.  Interpret a heating diagram  (Q vs T) to  identify the Q transferred during a single phase.

11. Convert K to C  and C to K

12.  Calorimetry  involving water where you solve for the C of an unkown metal given mass and Ti of the metal,  as well as M, C  and delta t of the water.

13. Find final equilibrium temp of a watery substance given m, Ti of the substance  when added to  a  defined mass of water where you know the initial temp of the water and the C of water.  The watery substance has the same C.

Chap.  10 Thermodynamics Concepts

1.  Work required to move a piston by a gas,  also calculating pressure given work and the radius of the piston or area and displacement

2.  Standards for heat (Q )  And Work (w) ex  Q > ) means energy is added to system   Table 1 pg 343 text

3.  First Law of Thermodynamics

4.  Formulas for efficiency  and calculating efficiency or net work or Q hot  or Q cold

5.  Understand entropy and describe situations of increasing or decreasing entropy.

Chap 11 Vibrations and Waves

1.   Solve for Spring constant using hooke's Law.  Be able to find restoring force using a hanging mass.

2.  For Spring System and pendulum know when acceleration, Force, velocity, KE and PE are maximum and minimum.  See page 375 text

3.  Rearrange Period of a pendulum to solve for length

4.  Calculate period given frequency and vice versa.

5.  Find spring constant in a mass spring system given mass  and the number of times it oscillates in 10 seconds.

6.  Explain the difference between transverse and longitiudinal waves

7.  Explain constructive and destructive wave interference

8.  Find the speed of a wave given wavelength and frequency.

9.  Find the wavelength of radio given the frequency .

Chap 13 Light and Reflection 

1.  Know that all electromagnetic waves travel  at 3.0 X 10 (8) m/s   and solve for frequency given wavelength.


2.  Know that all electromagnetic waves travel  at 3.0 X 10 (8) m/s   and solve for wavelength given  frequency.

3.  Classify what part of the electromagnetic spectrum is used in actions like:  cell phone use,  microscope use,  microwave cooking,  television reception,  heat lamps,  tanning salons, etc

4.  Conceptual questions comparing speed, wavelength and frequency   in electromagnetic waves   for two waves  given some piece of data to compare them.  Ex1     radio vs  visible.  You must know the order in the electromagnetic spectrum.  Ex 2 red vs blue light

5.  Know all EM waves travel  have a single max speed = c  in a vacuum

6.  Know the mathematical relationship between frequency, wavelength and velocity

7.  Know the intensity distance relationship for light.  Ex Doubling distance affects the brightness of the light in what way?

8.  For flat mirrors know how angle of incidence and angle of reflection are measured  ( from the normal not from the mirrored surface)

9.  Describe flat mirror surface images in three words  ( also for concave and convex----Several questions)

10.  Be able to solve for f in a spherical mirror given radius of curvature or diameter

11.  Use mirror equation to solve for image or object distance or focal length given two of the three variables.

12.  Understand that f and q are negative for convex mirrors and  q is negative for a concave mirror when the object is between the f and the mirror.

13.  draw concave and convex images using ray diagrams

14.  Know the terms "additive"  =   light where primary colors are RGB   and "subtractive"  for pigment where primary colors are hello, cyan, magenta

15.  Explain what color is seen for adding either light or pigment or both.  Ex  Green tomato in red  light  or hello banana in red light.

Chap 14 Light and Refraction 

1.  Be able to calculate the index of refraction  of an unknown substance  given the speed of light in the substance and in a vacuum. 

2.  Find the Angle of Refraction between two media given both refractive indexes and an  angle from horizontal on the incident side.

3.  Use your knowledge of refraction and critical angle to describe what you would see if you where underwater, on the bottom, looking up towards the surface in clear water .  

4.   Find the Angle of Refraction between two media given both refractive indexes and an ingle from normal  on the 4ncident side.

5.  Solve for the index of refraction from air to of an unknown  substance given theta i and theta r  . 

 
6.  Know the cause of near and farsightedness in the eye and how to correct either with lenses.

7.  Brainstorm a product that would use refraction to accomplish a useful task  and how you would market the product.   

8.  Be able to describe the two types of images formed by converging lenses  (three words for each)

9.  Be able to describe the one kind of image formed by diverging lenses (three words)

10.  Calculate the object distance, and magnification  given focal length and image distance for a converging lens.

11.  Be able to draw #8 to scale given object height.

12.  Find the critical angle given two indexes of refraction

13.  Know where to aim to spear a fish when standing on the shore, and be able to explain your answer.

Physics Light and Reflection Test Review

Light and Reflection test Review  Chap 13

1.  Know that all electromagnetic waves travel  at 3.0 X 10 (8) m/s   and solve for frequency given wavelength.


2.  Know that all electromagnetic waves travel  at 3.0 X 10 (8) m/s   and solve for wavelength given  frequency.

3.  Classify what part of the electromagnetic spectrum is used in actions like:  cell phone use,  microscope use,  microwave cooking,  television reception,  heat lamps,  tanning salons, etc

4.  Conceptual questions comparing speed, wavelength and frequency   in electromagnetic waves   for two waves  given some piece of data to compare them.  Ex1     radio vs  visible.  You must know the order in the electromagnetic spectrum.  Ex 2 red vs blue light

5.  Know all EM waves travel  have a single max speed = c  in a vacuum

6.  Know the mathematical relationship between frequency, wavelength and velocity

7.  Know the intensity distance relationship for light.  Ex Doubling distance affects the brightness of the light in what way?

8.  For flat mirrors know how angle of incidence and angle of reflection are measured  ( from the normal not from the mirrored surface)

9.  Describe flat mirror surface images in three words  ( also for concave and convex----Several questions)

10.  Be able to solve for f in a spherical mirror given radius of curvature or diameter

11.  Use mirror equation to solve for image or object distance or focal length given two of the three variables.

12.  Understand that f and q are negative for convex mirrors and  q is negative for a concave mirror when the object is between the f and the mirror.

13.  draw concave and convex images using ray diagrams

14.  Know the terms "additive"  =   light where primary colors are RGB   and "subtractive"  for pigment where primary colors are hello, cyan, magenta

15.  Explain what color is seen for adding either light or pigment or both.  Ex  Green tomato in red  light  or hello banana in red light.